Research in Palestine in the Field of Water and Wastewater[1]

Title	Authors	Cooperating Institutions / Countries	Date	Abstract
Water conservation in Palestine: an integrated approach towards Palestinian water resources management	Center for engineering and planning		1994	This report provides a review of the existing water resource sector including the natural resources, the institutions and human resources and the infrastructure devoted to the sector. The potential water conservation measures and practices applicable to Palestine.
Palestinian Water Resources: A rapid interdisciplinary sector review and issues paper	WRAP Task Force		1994	This report represents the first product of the Water Resources Action Programme (WRAP)’s Taskforce at the end of its first quarter of operation. It reviews the status of the water resources sector in the Palestinian Territories and identifies priorities.
Legal status of west bank groundwater resources	Palestinian Hydrology Group and Land and Water Est for legal services		1991	This case study observes the present and previous modes to exploitation of West Bank water resources by Israel, run contrary to international practice; it includes an outline at the end of the unilateral, exclusive and discriminatory measures in respect to the West Bank.
Palestinian Fresh Water Springs * Springs Description, Flow and Water Quality Data 1970-1994	Taher Nasser El – Deen and M. Nusseibeh		1995	This publication presents the importance of the Palestinian fresh water springs for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. The data presented in this publication are very helpful for future planning and decision-making with regard to projects.
Environmental profile for the West Bank: Hebron district	Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem		1995	The profile focuses on primary environment safety, water resources, soil, land use, agriculture, noise, solid wastes and wastewater in the Hebron district. In addition, sources of pollution and the socio-economic impact are reviewed.
Environmental profile for the west bank: Ramallah District	Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem		1996	This volume describes the status of the environment in the Ramallah district, and focuses on recommendations for environmental management programs required for the future.
Environmental profile for the West Bank: Nablus District	Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem		1996	This volume describes the status of the environment in the Nablus district and its natural resources. It describes the scope and extent of the environmental problems that the district faces. Moreover, it provides data which are helpful for planning.
Environmental profile for the West Bank: Jerusalem District	Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem		1996	This volume specifically addresses issues related to the major components of the environment in the Jerusalem district, providing data which are helpful for planners and policy-makers in implementing rehabilitation projects.
Analysis of secondary source rainfall data from the northern West Bank	Husary, S., T. Najjar and A . Aliewi		1995	This report provides an analysis of secondary source rainfall data for the northern West Bank. The purpose of this report is to bring together in one source rainfall data dispersed between a number of different Palestinian and Israeli data holders.
Joint Management of shared aquifers: The first workshop	Feitelson, E. and M. Haddad	Hebrew University, PCG	1994	The purpose of this workshop is to identify appropriate structures for joint Israeli- Palestinian management of their shared aquifers, to identify the main issues that need to be addressed and to review current experience.
Watershed: The role of fresh water in the Israeli – Palestinian conflict	Lonergan S.C and D. B Brooks		1994	This book reviews “three types of water crisis”. The water quantity crisis, which is economic in character; the water quality crisis, which is ecological; and the geostrategic crisis, which is political. The authors conclude with a set of regional options.
Hydrological monitoring in Palestine: Status and planning of the national programme	Zarour, H, A. Mckenzie, M.E Stuart, J. Megh and S. Hamdan		1996	The report documents the state of hydrological monitoring in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and provides background material to aid in the planning and assessment of the Palestinian National Hydrological Monitoring Programme.
Hydrogeological data book of the Gaza Strip VOL 1: water table (1984-1994)	Water resources action programme (WRAP) and Gaza environmental profile (GEP)		1995	This volume contains location maps of groundwater level monitoring wells, characteristics of monitoring wells, groundwater table contour maps and water level data.
Hydrogeological data book of the Gaza strip VOL 2.A: Chloride content and electrical conductivity of groundwater (1970-1995)	Water resources action programme (WRAP) and Gaza environmental profile (GEP)		1995	This volume contains contour maps of chloride and electrical conductivity for monitoring wells. It includes a location map for the monitoring wells. Also, chloride and electrical conductivity data is included in this volume.
Hydrogeological data book of the Gaza strip. VOL 2.B: Chloride content and electrical conductivity of groundwater (1970-1995)	Water resources action programme (WRAP) and Gaza environmental profile (GEP)		1995	This is a complement to vol.2:A
Hydrogeological data book of the Gaza strip. VOL 3:Nitrate content of groundwater (1977 – 1995)	Water resources action programme (WRAP)and Gaza environmental profile (GEP		1995	This volume contains location maps of nitrate concentration in monitored wells, nitrate concentration contour maps and nitrate concentration data.
Hydrogeological data book of the Gaza strip VOL 4: Chemical analysis of majoring in groundwater (1976 – 1995)	Water resources action programme (WRAP)and Gaza environmental profile (GEP		1995	This volume contains location maps and well characteristics of the sampled wells. Last available analyses of major ions and major ions time series per well (1979-1995)
Hydrogeological data book of the Gaza strip VOL 5: Lithological well logs	Water resources action programme (WRAP) and Gaza environmental profile (GEP)		1995	This volume contains location maps of logged wells, well characteristics of logged wells and well logs.
Hydrogeological data book of the Gaza strip VOL 6: Rainfall and evaporation (1968-1995)	Water resources action programme (WRAP) and Gaza environmental profile (GEP)		1995	This volume contains distribution of rainfall (stations), rainfall at 10 stations (1973-1995), 8 stations (1961-1990) and evaporation at meteorological station (1986-1995).
Ein Samia Well Field: Test-pumping, well development and evaluation aerial photography	Aliewi, A. and S Wishahi		1996	The objectives of this study are to assess the properties of the utilized aquifers of the Ein Sami well field. The performance and efficiency of ESW2a will be assessed. The optimal permissible pumping rate of ESW2a will be determined.
Water prices as a tool for optimizing water use in Palestine	Abdelkarim Asa’d		1996	Financial and economic measures are important tools for water demand management. Water tariffs and water prices have a direct effect in controlling the water demand in areas where water is considered a rare and scarce commodity as is the case in Palestine.
Artificial recharge of the coastal aquifer in the Gaza strip: Mission report	Blom, J., A. Stakelbeek and R.V.L. Weerd		1995	According to the author, the groundwater abstractions exceed the safe aquifer yields in the Gaza strip and the Azrq basin. To ensure the sustainability of the aquifer system pumping has to be increased through artificial recharge.
Nitrate formation and transport through sandy soils	Alawneh		1996	The Gaza Strip is suffering from a serious pollution problem of nitrate and chloride contaminated groundwater. In the Gaza Strip, most of the problems result from bad sanitary conditions causing infiltration of raw waste water with high nitration values.
Perennial yield management and water quality optimization in the Gaza strip aquifers, Palestine	Abdul-Halim, A.M.M.		1996	This report analyses the major recent and (desired) future trends in water quality and quantity management for the Gaza area, with a special focus on saltwater intrusion and groundwater recovery.
Wastewater collection in Deir El Balah region: Technical institutional and financial feasibility	Nassar, A.M.		1996	This thesis investigates the appropriateness of various sewer collection systems. Also an assessment was made of the present operation and maintenance of sanitation systems through interviews with responsible persons and analysis of available documents.
An assessment of groundwater quality and a reversed osmosis pilot desalination plant in Palestine	Hudhud, A.		1996	This study investigates the water quality in Palestine through a literature review and samples of individual wells from both the west Bank and Gaza Strip. These are examined to evaluate the status of the water quality in Palestine.
Reuse of “saline” wastewater in Gaza city	Al-Najar, H.M.		1996	Reuse of saline wastewater for irrigation of selected crops and recharge of groundwater is the main theme of the research to be applied in Gaza Strip. Groundwater modeling was carried out to determine the effect of recharge on groundwater quality and quantity.
Groundwater data assessment and model building for the Gaza Strip / Palestine	Ghassan Abu Ju’ub		1994	This report concentrates on the hydrogeology of the Gaza Strip. It gives a description of the different steps that were followed during the building of the model and the calibration of the model in order to determine the different hydrogeological parameters.
Impacts of groundwater pollution on waters supply in the Gaza Strip	Bader Abu Zahrah		1995	In absence of measures to protect the environment in the Gaza Strip, the groundwater is assumed to be polluted by sewage effluent and cesspools, solid waste and intensive agricultural use of fertilizers. This is the subject of this study.
Hydrogeological investigations in the eastern basin of the West Bank	Manal Ba’ba		1996	The study focuses on the eastern groundwater basin in the West Bank area. A wealth of groundwater data are processed and analyzed in the eastern basin, to define groundwater balances for spring flow catchments.
Computer modeling of water distribution systems with intermittent supply (case study: Tulkarem, Palestine)	Maher Abu Madi		1996	This thesis aims at studying the dynamic computer modeling of intermittent water supply systems consisting of roof tanks, taking Tulkarem as a case study.
Proposed strategy for water resources development in the West Bank and Gaza Strip	Al-Labadi, A.M		1989	The main objective of this proposed strategy shall be to determine the optimum development plan of surface water and groundwater resources, and especially their uses and efficient management, to meet the domestic, industrial and agricultural water demands of the West Bank.
Nature’s apportionment and the open market: A promising solution to the Arab-Israeli water conflict	Hisham Zarour and Jad Isaac		1993	The populations and consumption levels of countries throughout the Middle East are steadily increasing and, correspondingly, their water demands, while their water resources remain more or less the same or have even being reduced.
A study of Palestinian water supply and demand	Isaac, J., M Huddad, N. Mizied, T. Nasser El-Deen, M. Nuseibeh, A. Tamimi and M. Turshan	Harvard, ARIJ, PHG, WERC, PCG	1996	This study outlines the West Bank and Gaza Strip water supply, the cost of this water supply, and its quantity. The study contains baseline estimates and projections of the population, the per capita income, and water consumption.
Water demand management. Water use and water system rehabilitation. Financial and economic measures	Abdel Karim Asa’d		1996	The deteriorated state of the water infrastructure in Palestine is reflected in huge losses of water. The Palestinian water sector suffers annually due to the high percentage of unaccounted for water, which amounts to 50%.
An updated study of water supply and demand in Palestine. 1990 baseline estimates and projection for 2000, 2001, 2002	Isaac, J., M. Haddan, N. Mizyed, T. Nasser El-Deen, A. Tamimi, Palestinian Consultancy Group (PCG), and M. Turshan	Harvard, ARIJ, PHG, PCG, WERC	1995	This report provides baseline data and projections for water supply and demand in Palestine for the Harvard Middle East Water Project. It presents the water supply, the baseline and estimates of water demand for households, the industry and agriculture.
Design, construction and chemical analysis of Deir Sharaf Well, No.2A and assessment of the properties of the upper Beit Kahil aquifer in the Nablus area	A. Aliewi, S. Wishahi and Q. Abdul Jaber and Ayman Rabi	PHG, Newcastle University and Nablus Municipality	1995	This report details the hydrogeological characteristics of the upper Bit Kahil formation in the Deir Saraf area. It also provides water quality information.
Palestinian Water Resources: Water Quality	Assaf, K.		1995	This report includes Water – the resource of life; Safe water – a basic need; What water Quality Means; and How nature affects water quality. In addition to, potentially harmful natural constituents of water found in the OPT: Saline water and Chloride.
Well development study of the Eastern Aquifer Basin	Antea	PHG, PWA	1997	This report describes work carried out in the first phase of the project. This first phase includes data collection and review, as well as the first part of a geological survey.
Comprehensive planning framework for Palestinian water resources development.	CDM / Morganti	USAID, ACE, CEP	1997
On-site wastewater treatment, disposal and reuse: Treatment strategies for the unsewered areas in the West Bank / Palestine	Jamal Mustafa		1997	The study is aims at obtaining local experience with the functioning of an on-site trickling filter plant treating gray wastewater for local reuse. Within the framework of this study a pilot on-site trickling filter plant has been constructed.
Performance indicators for the water resources sector: Report on indicators, targets and data collection methods	CDM / Morganti	USAID, ACE, CEP	1996	The report details the key indicators of water supply industry. It also provides information on management efficiency and its goal.
Monitoring plan for eastern aquifer basin. Location maps for sampling locations	CDM / Morganti	USAID, ACE, CEP	1996
Well development study for the immediate stage of the Hebron – Bethlehem Area water supply system	CDM / Morganti	USAID, ACE, CEP	1996
Sensitive water resources recharge areas in the West Bank governorates	Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation		1996	The report is defining the sensitive water recharge areas and sets some criteria for development in those areas.
Anaerobic hydrolysis of domestic wastewater with emphasis on the effects of pH and sewage strength	Mahmoud, N.H.		1997	This research deals with the influence op pH (6-8) and wastewater strength (500 –5000) mg COD/1) on the hydrolysis of domestic wastewater with emphasis on COD and N compounds.
Strategies for solid waste management in the West Bank, Palestine	Monjid, T.M.		1997	This thesis contains a literature review on leachate quantity and quality in various parts of the world, and studies the effect of the solid waste composition on the composition of the leachate.
Saltwater intrusion modeling and monitoring in the Gaza Strip Aquifer, Palestine	Mogheir, Y.		1997	This report describes the assessment of the saltwater intrusion problem in the Gaza Strip. Two model codes were applied. The shape interface approach using the BADON3 code and the disperse approach using the SWICHA code.
Effect of salinity on biological nutrient removal	Shehadeh, K.		1997
Design aspects of electro-dialysis for removing nitrate and chloride from groundwater	Ali, S		1997
Minimizing water consumption and environmental pollution form the stone-cutting industry in the West Bank, Palestine	Abu Hijleh, O.H.		1997
Quantification of nitrate pollution to groundwater resources of Rafah (Gaza Strip)	Rabah, F.K.		1997
Hydrology and guide of natural springs in the West Bank	Ayman Rabi and A. Tamimi	PHG, PARC	1989	The report details information on the location, the use and discharge of almost 400 major and minor springs in the West Bank.
The status of the environment in the West Bank	Applied Research Institute- Jerusalem (ARIJ)		1997
Water tariff study: Draft final report	Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)	NORCONSULT	1998	The ultimate objective of the present study is to develop applicable tools to determine concrete tariffs for municipal and industrial water supply and reuse of wastewater in agriculture.
Water conflict: Economics, Politics, Law and Palestinian – Israeli Water Resources	Sharif Elmusa		1997	The pioneering study of the conflict over the natural water resources of geographic Palestine – Israel, the west Bank, and he Gaza Strip is the first comprehensive examination of all region’s shared water sources and the economics of their use in agriculture, etc.
Company performance and the institutional environment: A comparison of the Palestinian, French and the Netherlands water supply sectors	Anis Saleh			The study provides a comparative analysis of the water industry in the Netherlands, France and Palestine. It provides details on management efficiency of water supply in Palestine.
Leak detection and control for Ramallah district, Palestine	Abu Thaher , A I.K		1998	The main objective of this study was to pin the different factors that play a role in the reduction of the Unaccounted For Water (UFW) and to propose the most appropriate leak detection and control method which can be applied to meet the local conditions.
Data reconstruction and groundwater flow modeling in the Eastern Aquifer – the West Bank, Palestine	Zaghloul Samhan		1999
Integrated approach to assess the feasibility of rainwater harvesting in Palestine: Case study, Ramallah and Al-Bireh city (Urban Areas Ein Areek Village (Rural Areas)	Zaghloul Samhan		1999
Treated wastewater reuse in agriculture	Al-Quds University Chem. and Biological Analysis Center	Belgium, Germany and Cyprus
Impact of chloride disinfection on organic material	Al-Quds University Chem. and Biological Analysis Center
Impact of sludge on the concentration of its gas emission	Al-Quds University Chem. and Biological Analysis Center
Pesticide in water	Birzeit Environmental Health Center
Integrated best management	Birzeit Environmental. Health Center
Solid waste management	Birzeit Environmental Health Center
Use of renewable energy	An-Najah University - Water and Environmental. Studies Institute	Acheb University, Newcastle University, Harvard University and GTZ
Water quality in the water distribution systems	An-Najah University - Water and Environmental Studies Institute
Impact of organic substances on human health	University of Hebron	University of Oslo – Norway
Evaluating water quality and water losses in Hebron area	Palestine Polytechnic University	UNDP, American University of Lebanon - Department of Energy
Impact assessment of Bani Naim Stone Quarries	Palestine Polytechnic University
Transboundary air pollution simulation	Palestine Polytechnic University
Anaerobic wastewater treatment	Palestine Polytechnic University
Solar Energy technologies	Palestine Polytechnic University
Urban Hydrology	PHG	Hebrew University, Freiburg University	2000
Drought impact	PHG	PWA, Israeli Hydrologic Service, EU, Italy	2000	The report investigates the impact of the drought on water resources in both Israel and Palestine. It tackles the impact of the dry year of 1998/99.
Appropriate wastewater technology for rural Middle East areas.	PHG	Galilee Society, Technion, ECOWA, MERC	1999 - 2002	This research tries to examine various combinations of low-tech wastewater treatment and its suitability to Middle East conditions.

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[1] This table was prepared for the following country report: Palestine Academy for Science and Technology. Toward the Promotion of Adequate Water and Wastewater Research in Palestine: Gaps, Problems and Opportunities. Ramallah: Palestine Academy Press. Unpublished.